Bullying may be defined as the activity of repeated, aggressive behavior intended to hurt another person, physically or mentally. Bullying is characterized by an individual behaving in a certain way to gain power over another person.[7]
Cyberbullying
Main article: Cyberbullying
Cyber-bullying is any bullying done through the use of technology.
This form of bullying can easily go undetected because of lack of
parental/authoritative supervision. Because bullies can pose as someone
else, it is the most anonymous form of bullying. Cyber bullying
includes, but is not limited to, abuse using email, instant messaging,
text messaging, websites, social networking sites, etc.[67] Particular watch dog organizations have been designed to contain the spread of cyber-bullying.[citation needed]Disability bullying
Main article: Disability bullying
It has been noted that disabled people are disproportionately
affected by bullying and abuse, and such activity has been cited as a
hate crime.[68]
The bullying is not limited to those who are visibly disabled such as
wheelchair-users or physically deformed such as those with a cleft lip but also those with learning disabilities such as autism[69][70] and dyspraxia[71][72]
In the latter case, this is linked to a poor ability in physical
education, and this behaviour can be encouraged by the unthinking
physical education teacher. Abuse of the disabled is not limited to
schools. There are many known cases in which the disabled have been
abused by staff of a "care institution", such as the case revealed in a BBC Panorama programme on a Castlebeck care home (Winterbourne View) near Bristol which led to its closure and the suspension and sacking of some of the staff.[73]There is an additional problem that those with learning disabilities are often not as able to explain things to other people so are more likely to be disbelieved or ignored if they do complain.
Gay bullying
Main article: Gay bullying
Gay bullying and gay bashing are expressions used to designate verbal or physical actions that are direct or indirect in nature by a person or group against a person who is gay, lesbian, bisexual, transgendered (LGBT), or of questionable sexual orientation, or one who is perceived to be so, because of rumors or fitting gay stereotypes.In eastern countries like India and China, to bully the person people spit in his way, yell silently and show a hand gesture to say "go away" diplomatically.[citation needed]
Legal bullying
Main article: Legal abuse
Legal bullying is the bringing of a vexatious legal action
to control and punish a person. Legal bullying can often take the form
of frivolous, repetitive, or burdensome lawsuits brought to intimidate
the defendant into submitting to the litigant's request, not because of
the legal merit of the litigant's position, but principally due to the
defendant's inability to maintain the legal battle. This can also take
the form of SLAPPs. It was partially concern about the potential for this kind of abuse that helped to fuel the protests against SOPA and PIPA in the United States in 2011 and 2012.Military bullying
Main article: Bullying in the military
In 2000, the UK Ministry of Defence (MOD) defined bullying as: "... the use of physical strength or the abuse of authority to intimidate or victimize others, or to give unlawful punishments."[74]Some argue that this behaviour should be allowed, due to ways in which "soldiering" is different from other occupations. Soldiers expected to risk their lives should, according to them, develop strength of body and spirit to accept bullying.[75] This attitude can be seen as paralleled by the training expected by the Ancient Greek city state of Sparta.[citation needed]
However, the role of a soldier has widened to peace-keeping where overt aggression is usually counterproductive and services auxiliary to the military often do some soldiering as well as another role such as engineering.[citation needed]
Parental bullying
Parents who may displace their anger, insecurity, or a persistent need to dominate and control, upon their children in excessive ways have been proven to increase the likelihood that their own children will in turn become overly aggressive or controlling towards their peers.[76] The American Psychological Association advises on its website that parents who may suspect that their own children may be engaging in bullying activities amongst their peers, should carefully consider the examples which they themselves may be setting for their own children, regarding how they typically interact with their own peers, colleagues, and children. Do the parents typically motivate their peers and their children with positive and self-confidence building incentives, or do they most often attempt to motivate their peers and children with certain "threats" of one form of "punishment" or "reprisal" or another (emotional or physical blackmail)? [77]Prison bullying
Main article: Prisoner abuse
Another environment known for bullying is a country's prison service.
This is almost inevitable when many of the people incarcerated are
there for aggressive crimes and many were bullies at school. An
additional complication is the staff and their relationships with the
inmates. Thus the following possible bullying scenarios are possible:- Inmate bullies inmate (echoing school bullying);
- Staff bullies inmate;
- Staff bullies staff (a manifestation of workplace bullying);
- Inmate bullies staff.
School bullying
Main article: School bullying
Bullying can occur in nearly any part in or around the school building, though it may occur more frequently in physical education classes and activities, recess, hallways, bathrooms, on school buses
and while waiting for buses, and in classes that require group work
and/or after school activities. Bullying in school sometimes consists of
a group of students taking advantage of or isolating one student in
particular and gaining the loyalty of bystanders who want to avoid
becoming the next victim. These bullies may taunt and tease their target
before physically bullying the target. Bystanders may participate or
watch, sometimes out of fear of becoming the next victim.Bullying can also be perpetrated by teachers and the school system itself: There is an inherent power differential in the system that can easily predispose to subtle or covert abuse (relational aggression or passive aggression), humiliation, or exclusion — even while maintaining overt commitments to anti-bullying policies.[78][79][80]
Sexual bullying
Main article: Sexual bullying
See also: Slut shaming
Sexual bullying is "any bullying behaviour, whether physical or
non-physical, that is based on a person's sexuality or gender. It is
when sexuality or gender is used as a weapon by boys or girls towards
other boys or girls - although it is more commonly directed at girls. It
can be carried out to a person's face, behind their back or through the
use of technology."[81]Workplace bullying
Main article: Workplace bullying
According to the Workplace Bullying and Trauma Institute workplace bullying is "repeated, health-harming mistreatment, verbal abuse, or conduct which is threatening, humiliating, intimidating, or sabotage that interferes with work, or some combination of the three".[82] Statistics show that bullying is 3 times as prevalent as illegal discrimination and at least 1,600 times as prevalent as workplace violence.
Statistics also show that while only one employee in every 10,000
becomes a victim of workplace violence, one in six experiences bullying
at work. Bullying is a little more common than sexual harassment but not verbal abuse which occurs more than bullying.Unlike the more physical form of school bullying, workplace bullying often takes place within the established rules and policies of the organization and society. Such actions are not necessarily illegal and may not even be against the firm's regulations; however, the damage to the targeted employee and to workplace morale is obvious.
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